Basic Bench Blueprints

Very good!

Yes, I know: The last entry is July 2 ¬ ¬ U

And yes, there has been a summer of by ¬ ¬ UUU

But regrettably, I have not had enough time no desire to start writing any new post-___-And now, six months later, I have time but at least I have no desire: P Believe me, however, when I say that I have a small list of things I want to comment on the blog (comparable to the famous list of drawings to be done), and little by little, if I never get tired before (I said it's hard to keep a blog is not fanservice xD), I'll be posting around here;)

Well, if ¬ ¬ Up;

protozoa (malaria, cysts, amoebic dysentery, diarrhea ...)
As soon as you have read, the illness star this time of year,

flu, is caused by a virus

. As in the previous post in this blog you will find detailed information about viruses (and more specifically on the flu virus itself), I would just talk to a couple of features of the bacteria. We will not go, for now, in detail on the protozoa and fungi.

identified by the name of

bacteria to a group of organisms (ie living microscopic) single cell which has noshall ensure their translation a protein.

- Ribosomes: Cell Currante catching messenger RNA is read and the amino acids that are placing the future form protein. As you recall, these proteins made in cell functions such as break down nutrients, replicate the DNA, etc, ultimately enable it alive. -
cell membrane:

Double layer of fat that insulates it would be inside the cell from the outside (imagine a ball, the plastics of the samenciones I did before the mutation. And things can happen: since we do not do as we say, what you have to do and point to spend to do new things or go to screw it and prevent other proteins do their functions within the cell, can also other proteins that work better than normal under certain conditions.

Mutations occur constantly

on all living beings, as we are at all times exposed to mutagenic agents. Nature has endowed us with repair mechanisms to ensure that we accumulate too many mutations. However, these mechanisms are as they are, and

not repair all errors that occur. The errors in question pueden come given by:

1. - Ultraviolet: The simple fact of being exposed to the sun

causes the establishment of that alters the DNA and cause mutations (fear not: when the sun we have our own repair mechanisms working flat out to that nothing happens ... until you let them out just to cope and skin cancer.)

-

Chemicals:

In between there are many substances capable of introducing mut Errors in replication / transcription:

polymerases (proteins that replicate / transcribe the DNA) are not perfect : Sometimes, instead of copying and should, make a decision. If you notice, they can be corrected, but if it stays there. This can cause mutations.

-

Integration of a virus or other DNA molecules that swarm around in their genetic code:

Bacteria are glad promiscuity ¬ ¬ U Any DNA is stabilized to see him, other bacteria, other species!, a virus or "Rita thesinger, can be incorporated into the genome of the bacterium for good (well, and recombination mechanisms xD). depending on where you embed, you can cut by half a gene and protein leave had to do that gene take / dysfunctional / with different functions.

[E]: More specifically, what ultraviolet radiation causes are pyrimidine dimers, the chemical

is interspersed between the nitrogenous bases of DNA or cause double-strand breaks in the to be attacked by exonucleases, the polymerase is wrong apEXT once every million nucleotides

placed and mutations by transformation, transduction and integration of plasmids or bacteriophage who become attenuated to the cycle are important because they attach to the cell new genes although some charge another.

is, a mutation is a change in a gene, which involves a change in the corresponding protein, and that makes that individual to present a series of features that "normal" of its kind not present. As outlined below, this may serve for better or for worse.

3. Evolution

As it is not the issue at hand, be very brief. The evolution is produced by spontaneous mutation of an organism's genetic code, so that the external appearance of the changes with respect to the ancestors. me explain: Working on a classic example of the giraffes. Formerly, the giraffes had short neck. One day, there was a mutation in an individual who made it unlike any other and had the longest neck . If the area had 100 jor as short, but I have not found a better picture and to draw giraffes and not me ¬ ¬ U)

This may seem a story for kids ¬ ¬ U, we serves to explain the concept of natural selection " Individuals with favorable traits in their environment are more likely to survive than those with less favorable traits ." Natural selection acts on a selective pressure, which is the factor that triggers the evolution (in this case, the position of food). That is, if we now make a giraffe's neck is still shorter than the giraffes predecessors, also by random mutation, wouldto unfavorable in a place of tall trees, since it would have to eat shrubs. As in the African savannah is pulling a few bushes, these giraffes would pull forward cuellocortas not in any way and win the long neck.

In short:

mutations occur constantly in nature. A repaired, and others do not. Sometimes an individual is born with a mutation unrepaired, paradoxically, has enhanced features not possessed by normal individuals, and it imposes the rest.

What if we began to cause mutations in the DNA of bacteria with respect to pressureemplo, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, iodine ... what we know as

antiseptics and disinfectants

).

What is the point that some bugs (micro and macroscopic) generate substances to kill bacteria? Consider the example of the fungus Aspergillus niger . These fungi grow in the same places that many bacteria (soil with leaves, organic matter, water ...). What does the fungus to bacteria, much smaller and numerous that it, not take away the nutrients of the medium? load is the substances capable of killing producing : antibiotics) is known since ancient times to eat moldy bread could relieve some

Ÿ Ampicillin: Another antibiotic of the penicillin group, the Beta-lactam, which acts the same way. Ÿ Streptomycin: Produced by the filamentous fungus Streptomyces griseus, is what is called an aminoglycoside. Inhibits the action of ribosomes (make proteins), so that the bacteria run out Currita. Ÿ

Rifampicin In the words of my teacher of Microbiology,Rifampicin is an antibiotic that shit dust s'hace Miral-lo ama "¬ ¬ U Apart from this fact (true ¬ ¬ U), this is what is known as a macrocyclic lactone, which it does is inhibit RNA polymerase and, therefore, transcription of DNA into RNA, and thus not allowing the bacteria create proteins that are vital. Ÿ mitomycin C

: Quinone able to create strange shapes in the DNA, leaving the bacteria made cisco. Ÿ

Tetracycline: Another quinone, which is in turn binds to the ribosome and protein synthesis canceled. CHTMŸ LXC Chloramphenicol: Guess what he does with respect to protein synthesis ¬ U ¬ Ÿ

Kanamycin:

Makes ribosome half again parallel reading messenger RNA and amino acid position that do not play in the final protein, resulting in a totally different thing I had to leave. The truth is that only included in the list because it reminds me Kanna Endo

20th Century Boys, a series that I recommend you read ... oh, that I leave the subject ¬ U ¬ Ÿ

GSulfanilamide XC: like substance -aminobenzoic acid, a precursor of acid (queer-as-) folate, a vitamin that is essential in bacteria and humans. obviously not all antibiotics are used for all bacteria . Some, called broad-spectrum antibiotics, can kill many species of bacteria and even some even loaded to fungi (NEVER virus ... for those much needed heavier artillery also bothers the patient - you sounds interferon word;)? - which will not be doing, or hold it). Others, however, are much more epecíFicosa and only have as a target for a type of bacteria (such as isoniazid).

5.

antibiotic resistance mechanisms

As mentioned above, antibiotics are natural substances that kill certain bacteria. These, however, as they are not stupid (well, some it does not know what they're doing ¬ ¬ U), have developed defense mechanisms to these molecules through evolution. The ways in which bacteria can become immune to the effects of antibioticsco are (I recommend you be looking at the picture I made and the descriptions at once, each number is a method):

1) Decrease or cancel

permeability

Remember what we discussed the structure of the bacteria? In addition to the cell membrane, they have around the wall that protects them. Whatever you have out, if it is to get inside the bacteriadoing stuff (in our case, kill stuff = ¬ ¬ U), you first pass through two tolls.

Normally, antibiotics are taking advantage of the normal channels and transporters who carry the bacteria wall and membrane to enter. In other cases, what they do is they can pass directly through the wall, slipping between the cracks such as the joints of the molecules that comprise it.

What if a bacterium changes the gene coding for the transporter? That they no longer have the same shape, and may miss what really has to let go and you do not let the antibiotic. What if the wallof a bacterium, for some small mutation, is more rigid, less elastic membrane or? Antibiotics that took advantage of these weaknesses is a significant barrier steadfast and will not be able to get inside the bacteria, with which we can not kill her.

2)

Changing the target

As we have seen, the antibiotics act on various sites. Suppose that an antibiotic is the rough part of the velcro that binds to a site provided its target molecule (theoder replicate), bacteria often create products that more than benefit, the overwhelm and can kill. Therefore have a special channel called reflux pumps that allow them to evacuate these compounds to the outside (yes, pissing ¬ ¬ U). What if, instead of being related to the compounds mentioned, they became related by mutation to antibiotics? That as we enter p'afuera antibiotic would be sent. Bacteria 1, human 0 ¬ ¬ U

4) inactivating enzymes CHTrovecharse of nutrients environment (in this case, the small body of the person)

Did we link to the topic of evolution? By natural selection (in this case, the antibiotic selective pressure), only the "black sheep", bacteria different from others (mutants) that have the means of resistance will survive and others will disappear gradually . After a certain number of generations, all daughter cells will have as standard and the defense system works, as if they had not ever existed.

If we start to use antibiotics joyement, we are giving the bacteria with the resistance mutation the ability to turn the tables and go from four cats, as are mutants, probably have difficulty making certain other functions to be legion. The more pressure there is selective, and longer, the more likely that the antibiotic resistant mutants come to light at the expense of the others and finish fixing the mutation. And if the mutation is fixed, we will have shit : That bacteria and all his kin will always resistant to that antibiotic.

So, if you go giving the antibiotic to the body, you are contributing to possible bacteria in your body is taking advantage of their mutations

emergence of tuberculosis when it was thought almost wiped out! Moreover, someone's sure to have heard the news that was beginning to detect cases in cities like Barcelona. And is not the only disease that starts to reappear: syphilis and gonorrhea (both sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria paths -

Treponema pallidum and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

-) are also rising from the ashes. This indicates that more and more strains that pass through the membrane lining of the antibiotics (which were given us and those who have loose by nature), although we thought were eradicated because they "gave him the medicine and were dying. " Accurate, correct verb tenses and usen the past, because ... is that they do not die ^ ^ U

• And there is no solution?
• Yes, there are several and depend from ourselves give aid to governments to research: -
prudent use of antibiotics
• (NOT for virus, not for fungi) - & nbsp; Research on how to cancel the resistance mechanisms
• - Search more antibiotics (until further leave to be efficient, of course ¬ ¬ U) -
• Development of new strategies: the more of it more recently is phagotherapy, treatment of patients with virus bacteriophage (viruses that attack bacteria cells but not human / animal ... someday I have to tell the joke about the "fag you" ¬ ¬ U), so that the virus load of bacteria and does not affect umiendo
If you catch the flu this fall and this winter I
• NO toméis an antibiotic, as well as the campaign warns you (and as we have seen with examples), may fail to heal. Remember: Ÿ
• • First: The flu is caused by a virus, so not going to kill or crazy. A cold is cured with soups, rest and patience. Trust on your defenses. Ÿ
• • Second: If you take an antibiotic for the love of you contribute to more forward, not be effective for treating the same disease because of the phenomena of mutation of bacteria that produce antibiotic resistance. Ÿ ·
• Third : Not related to the subject matter, but the less rare ye may thrust your body chemistry, the better. It's one more thing to be entertaining to metabolize and consumption is useless if it will serve to kill the flu virus. In addition, many antibiotics are loaded part of our intestinal flora (yes, we have "good" bacteria living within us, and us poor if not